How to Use a Rock Hammer The Right Way

The rock hammer is a powerful tool that takes practice to use well. Heres how to be safe as you do so. Dangers of Hammering Hammers arent hazardous by themselves. Whats around them is what creates danger. Rocks: Splinters from breaking rock can fly out in all directions. Broken rock pieces can fall on your feet or against your body. Rock exposures can sometimes be precarious and collapse. Piled-up rock at the base of an exposure can give way under your weight. Tools: Hammers and chisels are made of hard steel. This material can splinter, too, especially as the metal grows deformed with heavy use. The field: Roadcuts can put you very close to passing traffic. Overhangs can drop rocks on your head. And dont forget the local plants and animals. Before You Start Dress right. Protect your body from dings and scratches with long sleeves and pants. Wear shoes with closed toes, and bring a helmet if youre working in caves or cliffs. In wet conditions, wear gloves for a good grip. Be location-aware. At a roadside exposure, you may want a reflective vest. Look at whats overhead. Stand where a slip wont hurt you. Beware of hazardous plants like poison oak/ivy. Always know the local snakes and insects, too.​ Put on eye protection. Shutting your eyes as you swing is not the right tactic. Ordinary glasses are usually good enough, but everyone needs some kind of coverage, including bystanders. Plastic goggles are cheap and effective. Use the right hammer. The rock youre addressing will behave best under a hammer of the right weight, handle length and head design. Geologists choose one or two appropriate hammers before setting out, considering the type of rock they expect that day. Have your procedure planned. Are you following the most effective strategy for your goals? Can you get your hands free quickly if you slip? Are your chisel and magnifier handy? Hammer the Right Way Dont take chances. If you havent brought a helmet, dont go under overhangs. If you have to stretch out on one foot to reach a rock at arms length, stop—youre going about things the wrong way. Use tools the way theyre meant to be used. Never hammer another hammer—the two hard metals can strike nasty splinters off each other. The butt end of a chisel is made of softer steel than the hammer for that reason. Swing deliberately. Treat each blow like a play in a card game: know what you want to happen and have a plan for when it doesnt happen. Dont stand in a way that exposes your legs to accidental blows or falling rocks. If your arm is tired, take a break. Dont miss. A missed blow can send out splinters, strike sparks or hit your hand. A plastic hand guard fits on the chisel and helps prevent mishaps. Worn-out, rounded chisels and ​hammer heads can slip, too, so old tools should either be touched up or replaced. Hammer no more than necessary. Your time is better spent making observations, thinking about what you see, and enjoying your day in the field.

Communication Paper - 800 Words

Communication Paper HCS/490 5/08/11 Mrs. Loy There are a variety of communication modalities available to health care consumers and health care providers. These modalities and venues of communication may entail benefits and challenges to both consumers and providers. The one communication modality that sticks out the most and that is used in health care as well as marketed is the Electronic Medical Records (EMR). The EMR protects patients records by not letting them become exposed to the public. These records can also be kept by the patient as well as the doctor or any medical professional. One aspect relating to the values and importance of maintaining patient confidentiality when using EMR as the mode of communication is that†¦show more content†¦Patients can keep their files with them as well as up load them. The (EMR) gives convince it can be carried compared to paper files. An (EMR) is faster to use to look up a patient’s record then to look up in a file cabinet. Overall the EMR is a handle tool that is now being used more in the health field. References John (2010). Emails is Not HIPAA Secure. Retrieved from http://www.emrandhipaa.com McNab, C. (2009). What social media offers to health professionals and citizens. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://Bulletin of the World Health Organization Torrey, T. (April 11, 2011). The Benefits of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs). About.com Guide. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedCommunication and Crisis Paper1604 Words   |  7 PagesCommunication and Crisis Paper University of Phoenix HCS/320 Lorena Mesina June 27, 2013 Dawn Sienkiewicz Communication and crisis paper: When working in a hospital, setting whether it’s an emergency room, or management office, there’s going to be a time when you are going to experience some kind of face to face crisis, according to (Coombs, 1999) simply stated no organization is immune to crisis. 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Beauvoir Mansion Free Essays

The Beauvoir Mansion is located on the Gulf of Mexico in Harrison County, Mississippi between Biloxi and Gulfport. Originally the property consisted of six hundred acres and was the private property of Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey, a woman who had known Jefferson Davis, the first and only President of the Confederate States of America throughout her life. She also was a classmate of Varinna Davis, Jefferson Davis’ wife (Allen xx, 521). We will write a custom essay sample on Beauvoir Mansion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dorsey originally rented the property to Davis so he would have a place to write his memoirs The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government published in 1881 and A Short History of the Confederate States of America shortly before his death. Dorsey later sold Beauvoir to him and also named him as her sole heir, in effect, giving him the property. It was the last residence of Jefferson Davis until his death in 1789 and as the home for his wife for some years after his death (Tinling 187). The Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans bought the property in 1902 and converted it to the Jefferson Davis Memorial for Confederate Soldiers and Sailors (Rosenburg 194). Beauvoir served in this capacity until the mid-1950s when it was recast as the Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library. Pratt and Pratt describe it as â€Å"a state shrine filled with memorabilia of his life and times (145). The Beauvoir Mansion is listed on the National Registry of Historic Places. According to the Registry for a site to be listed it should meet one of the following criteria. The site must be associated with events that have made a â€Å"significant† impact on patterns of history,† be associated with a person who are significant to the United States’ past, embody a characteristic type of construction, be representative of a building master or have high artistic value, or have contributed or is likely to yield significant historical information (National Registry). Clearly Beauvoir Mansion qualifies because of its association with Jefferson Davis, Confederate Veterans of the Civil War and is representative of construction in the South circa in 1852 (Pratt and Pratt 145; Beauvoir). As the Presidential Library of Davis it contains many of his papers as well as large collection of Civil War equipment and memorabilia. In addition, there is a Confederate Cemetery on the site where many Civil War veterans are buried. What is interesting about the Beauvoir Mansion is the wide variety of people it appeals to. Naturally it appeals to admirers, and detractors for that matter of Jefferson Davis and his important role in the Civil War. United States History students, scholars and professional historian as well. The Presidential Library provides resources to those working in this area of United States History. However it is not just history buffs that are interested in Beauvoir Mansion. The site holds a prominent place among those people interested in American Architecture and building construction. Chief among the weaknesses of Beauvoir Mansion is the vulnerability of the location in respect to the violent weather associated with hurricanes and tropical storms that are not uncommon in the area. Hurricane Katrina heavily damaged Beauvoir Mansion in 2005. Devereaux provides detailed information about the damage that includes damage to the Davis house and to the Presidential Library. The Hayes Cottage and the pavilion that served as a hospital for Confederate Veterans were completely destroyed as were the chapel, museum and gift shop. Fortunately much of the damage can be repaired. A four million dollar restoration is already underway with an expected reopening date in 2008. Beauvoir Mansion is an interesting historical and architectural site. It provides firsthand information about the Civil War from the point of view of the Confederacy. This is a valuable perspective that is not normally available to the general public who study the Civil War in schools that features the Union worldview. This view of the Civil War is obviously slanted in favor of the Northern States. The old saw about the winning side writing history is often true. Consequently, the people who lived in the Confederacy are largely forgotten and their leaders ignored because the South lost. It is important to remember that there were two points of view about the Civil War. Both positions had merit and defects. It is important to understand the insights both sides experienced in any historical event. The Beauvoir Mansion provides a great opportunity for Americans to learn from the past. When the repairs are completed and the Beauvoir Mansion reopens, it will be a site well worth visiting. Works Cited Allen, Felicity. Jefferson Davis: Unconquerable Heart. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999. Ballard, Michael B. Civil War Mississippi: A Guide. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000. â€Å"Beauvoir: The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library Before the Hurricane 2005. † 26 Feb. 2007 http://www. galenfrysinger. com/biloxi_beauvoir. htm. Cannon, Devereaux. â€Å"Beauvoir Still Stands! † 2 Sep. 2005. Vexillarium. 26 Feb. 2007 http://vexillarium. blogspot. com/2005/09/beauvoir-still-stands. html. â€Å"National Registry of Historic Places: Mississippi Harrison County. † National Registry of Historic Places. 26 Feb. 1999 http://www. nationalregisterofhistoricplaces. com/ms/Harrison/state. html Nofi, Albert A. A Civil War Treasury: Being a Miscellany of Arms and Artillery, Facts and Figures, Legends and Lore, Muses and Minstrels, Personalities and People. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. Pratt, Dorothy Pratt, Richard. A Guide to Early American Homes. New York: McGraw Hill, 1956. Rosenburg, R. B. Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Tinling, Marion. Women Remembered: A Guide to Landmarks of Woman’s History in the United States. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. Wright, John D. The Language of the Civil War. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. 2001. How to cite Beauvoir Mansion, Papers

Beauvoir Mansion Free Essays

The Beauvoir Mansion is located on the Gulf of Mexico in Harrison County, Mississippi between Biloxi and Gulfport. Originally the property consisted of six hundred acres and was the private property of Sarah Anne Ellis Dorsey, a woman who had known Jefferson Davis, the first and only President of the Confederate States of America throughout her life. She also was a classmate of Varinna Davis, Jefferson Davis’ wife (Allen xx, 521). We will write a custom essay sample on Beauvoir Mansion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dorsey originally rented the property to Davis so he would have a place to write his memoirs The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government published in 1881 and A Short History of the Confederate States of America shortly before his death. Dorsey later sold Beauvoir to him and also named him as her sole heir, in effect, giving him the property. It was the last residence of Jefferson Davis until his death in 1789 and as the home for his wife for some years after his death (Tinling 187). The Mississippi Division of the Sons of Confederate Veterans bought the property in 1902 and converted it to the Jefferson Davis Memorial for Confederate Soldiers and Sailors (Rosenburg 194). Beauvoir served in this capacity until the mid-1950s when it was recast as the Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library. Pratt and Pratt describe it as â€Å"a state shrine filled with memorabilia of his life and times (145). The Beauvoir Mansion is listed on the National Registry of Historic Places. According to the Registry for a site to be listed it should meet one of the following criteria. The site must be associated with events that have made a â€Å"significant† impact on patterns of history,† be associated with a person who are significant to the United States’ past, embody a characteristic type of construction, be representative of a building master or have high artistic value, or have contributed or is likely to yield significant historical information (National Registry). Clearly Beauvoir Mansion qualifies because of its association with Jefferson Davis, Confederate Veterans of the Civil War and is representative of construction in the South circa in 1852 (Pratt and Pratt 145; Beauvoir). As the Presidential Library of Davis it contains many of his papers as well as large collection of Civil War equipment and memorabilia. In addition, there is a Confederate Cemetery on the site where many Civil War veterans are buried. What is interesting about the Beauvoir Mansion is the wide variety of people it appeals to. Naturally it appeals to admirers, and detractors for that matter of Jefferson Davis and his important role in the Civil War. United States History students, scholars and professional historian as well. The Presidential Library provides resources to those working in this area of United States History. However it is not just history buffs that are interested in Beauvoir Mansion. The site holds a prominent place among those people interested in American Architecture and building construction. Chief among the weaknesses of Beauvoir Mansion is the vulnerability of the location in respect to the violent weather associated with hurricanes and tropical storms that are not uncommon in the area. Hurricane Katrina heavily damaged Beauvoir Mansion in 2005. Devereaux provides detailed information about the damage that includes damage to the Davis house and to the Presidential Library. The Hayes Cottage and the pavilion that served as a hospital for Confederate Veterans were completely destroyed as were the chapel, museum and gift shop. Fortunately much of the damage can be repaired. A four million dollar restoration is already underway with an expected reopening date in 2008. Beauvoir Mansion is an interesting historical and architectural site. It provides firsthand information about the Civil War from the point of view of the Confederacy. This is a valuable perspective that is not normally available to the general public who study the Civil War in schools that features the Union worldview. This view of the Civil War is obviously slanted in favor of the Northern States. The old saw about the winning side writing history is often true. Consequently, the people who lived in the Confederacy are largely forgotten and their leaders ignored because the South lost. It is important to remember that there were two points of view about the Civil War. Both positions had merit and defects. It is important to understand the insights both sides experienced in any historical event. The Beauvoir Mansion provides a great opportunity for Americans to learn from the past. When the repairs are completed and the Beauvoir Mansion reopens, it will be a site well worth visiting. Works Cited Allen, Felicity. Jefferson Davis: Unconquerable Heart. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999. Ballard, Michael B. Civil War Mississippi: A Guide. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000. â€Å"Beauvoir: The Jefferson Davis Home and Presidential Library Before the Hurricane 2005. † 26 Feb. 2007 http://www. galenfrysinger. com/biloxi_beauvoir. htm. Cannon, Devereaux. â€Å"Beauvoir Still Stands! † 2 Sep. 2005. Vexillarium. 26 Feb. 2007 http://vexillarium. blogspot. com/2005/09/beauvoir-still-stands. html. â€Å"National Registry of Historic Places: Mississippi Harrison County. † National Registry of Historic Places. 26 Feb. 1999 http://www. nationalregisterofhistoricplaces. com/ms/Harrison/state. html Nofi, Albert A. A Civil War Treasury: Being a Miscellany of Arms and Artillery, Facts and Figures, Legends and Lore, Muses and Minstrels, Personalities and People. New York: Da Capo Press, 1995. Pratt, Dorothy Pratt, Richard. A Guide to Early American Homes. New York: McGraw Hill, 1956. Rosenburg, R. B. Living Monuments: Confederate Soldiers’ Homes in the New South. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Tinling, Marion. Women Remembered: A Guide to Landmarks of Woman’s History in the United States. New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. Wright, John D. The Language of the Civil War. Westport, CT: Oryx Press. 2001. How to cite Beauvoir Mansion, Papers

Should Product Placement be Regulated free essay sample

Should Product Placement be regulated? A product placement is defined as a paid product message aimed at influencing movie (or television) audiences via the planned and unobtrusive entry of a branded product into a movie (Matthes, J. ; Wirth, W. ; Schemer, C. ; Kissling, A. , 201 la, Para. 1). Product placement is basically used for directors to afford their films. Most people feel that product placement should be controlled because of the influence it has on an individual. Lets discuss how product placement is used and how it is bad. I have een told that the only way to understand Product Placement is to know how it works first. Today, product placements appear in music videos (Schemer et al. 2008), novels (Brennan 2008), television shows (Law and Braun 2000; Matthes, Schemer, and Wirth 2007), movies (dAstous and Chartier 2000; Gupta and Lord 1998), video games (Nelson 2002), and even in new mediums such as the online virtual world Second Life (Matthes, J. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Product Placement be Regulated or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ; Wirth, W. ; Schemer, C. ; Kissling, A. , 2011, Para. , b). A perfect example of how product placement works is in the movie Cast Away. Throughout the movie Fed-Ex is being used. The simple sight of seeing the logo on a truck, or the beginning part where all they talk about is Fed-Ex. Companies are having a hard time getting their advertisements out because people have so many ways to ignore it. Just for example on my TV we can fast forward through all of the commercials. These advertisements on TV also only reaches so many people because an average person only watches TV for so many hours a day. So they are putting product placement more and more in movies to help get product out there. Now knowing a little about how product placement works we can discuss ways that product placement is bad nd can influence our society. Smoking in movies has always been an issue and continues to be, because it make it desirable to the human eye. Movie smoking is presented as adult behavior. Exposure to movie smoking makes viewers attitudes and beliefs about smoking and smokers more favorable and has a dose-response relationship with adolescent smoking behavior. Parental restrictions on R-rated movies significantly reduces youth exposure to movie smoking and subsequent smoking uptake. Beginning in 2002, the total amount of smoking in movies was greater in youth-rated (G/PG/PG-13) films than adult-rated (R) films, significantly ncreasing adolescent exposure to movie smoking. Viewing antismoking advertisements before viewing movie smoking seems to blunt the stimulating effects of movie smoking on adolescent smoking (Charlesworth A. ; Glantz SA, 2005, para 1). Smoking advertisements have been banned from so much. They have still been able to get through to kids and adults by famous people in movies, TV shows, and even school magazines. Product placement of cigarette companies still find their way to Smokeless Tobacco were caught running ads in school editions (for students to read) of Time, Newsweek and U. S. News World Report (TobaccoFreeCA, n. . para 6, b). There is some good for them to be helping keep kids from this but companies Just keep making their way through these loopholes. Of course people and their children still see these advertisings in magazines. Every year they still find a way to influence our world. In 1998, the tobacco industry signed the Master Settlement Agreement, vowing to stop targeting youth. However, in 1999, Marlboro, Camel and Newport increased their advertising in youth-oriented magazines. Ads for these three brands were seen by over 80 percent of youth an average of 17 times a year (TobaccoFreeCA, n. d. para 5, a). Articles say that when there is smoking in a PG-13 movie then they Just make sure that the actor/actress is not the ones that are admired from the audience. Apparently this is supposed to prevent the kids from not trying it. I feel that Just because those actors/actresses are on TV then they may admire them even if they are not a big time movie star. Another way to look at this that many parents let their kids watch movies that are not PG-13, which means that they may be seeing the smoking on TV. I feel that either it should be banned from TV all together or it might as well be on the PG-13 movies

Karen Horney essays

Karen Horney essays Karen Horney was born in Hamburg, Germany to Captain and Mrs. Berndt Wackels Danielson on September 16, 1885. Captain Danielson was a religious man with an authoritarian parenting style, he was referred to as the Bible thrower. Although her father brought her gifts from around the world and let her accompany him on three sea excursions, Karen felt that he favored her older brother Berndt. The lack of a connection with her father made Karen become extremely close with her mother, Clotilde aka Sonni. Clotilde was Captain Danielsons second wife, 19 years seperated the cosmopolitan wife When Karen was nine she changed her approach to life and became more bold and ambitious. At the same time, Karens crush on her beloved teenage brother led him to distance himself from her uncomfortable attentions. Berndts rejection made Karen depressed, the first of many bouts of depression throughout her life. In 1904 Clotilde divorced Karens father and left both Berndt and Karen in his care. In 1906, Karen Horney decided to attend medical school against her parents wishes. Contrary to societal norms, Horney attended the universities of Freiburg and Berlin. While in school Karen met Oscar Horney, a law student, whom she married in 1909. The first of the couples three daughters, Bridgette was born in 1910. The following year Clotilde died and Karen entered psychoanalysis to help her cope with the dramatic changes she had been through. In psychoanalysis Karen learned that Oscar was like her dad, an authoritarian who was harsh with the children. Yet Karen considered his methods acceptable and did not intervene, instead she believed that the atmosphere encouraged Horney began to follow Freudian analysis with Karl Abraham in 1915. By 1919, she was taking patients which led to a twelve year position at Berlin Psychoanalytic Clinic and Institute. Later sh...

Clovis - Early Hunting Colonizers of North America

Clovis - Early Hunting Colonizers of North America Clovis is what archaeologists call the oldest widespread archaeological complex in North America. Named after the town in New Mexico near where the first accepted Clovis site Blackwater Draw Locality 1 was discovered, Clovis is most well-known for its stunningly beautiful stone projectile points, found all over the United States, northern Mexico, and southern Canada. Clovis technology was not likely the first in the American continents: that was the culture called Pre-Clovis, who arrived before Clovis culture at least one thousand years earlier  and are likely ancestral to Clovis. While Clovis sites are found throughout North America, the technology only lasted for a brief period of time. The dates of Clovis vary from region to region. In the American west, Clovis sites range in age from 13,400-12,800 calendar years ago BP [cal BP], and in the east, from 12,800-12,500 cal BP. The earliest Clovis points found so far are from the Gault site in Texas, 13,400 cal BP: meaning Clovis-style hunting lasted a period of time no longer than 900 years. There are several long-standing debates in Clovis archaeology, about the purpose and meaning of the egregiously gorgeous stone tools; about whether they were solely big game hunters; and about what made Clovis people abandon the strategy. Clovis Points and Fluting Clovis points are lanceolate (leaf-shaped) in overall shape, with parallel to slightly convex sides and concave bases. The edges of the hafting end of the point are usually ground dull, likely to prevent the cord haft lashings from being cut. They vary quite a bit in size and form: eastern points have wider blades and tips and deeper basal concavities than do points from the west. But their most distinguishing characteristic is fluting. On one or both faces, the flintknapper finished the point by removing a single flake or flute creating a shallow divot extending up from the base of the point typically about 1/3 of the length towards the tip. The fluting makes an undeniably beautiful point, especially when performed on a smooth and shiny surface, but it is also a remarkably costly finishing step. Experimental archaeology has found that it takes an experienced flintknapper half an hour or better to make a Clovis point, and between 10-20% of them are broken when the flute is attempted. Archaeologists have contemplated the reasons Clovis hunters might have had for creating such beauties since their first discovery. In the 1920s, scholars first suggested that the long channels enhanced bloodlettingbut since the flutes are largely covered by the hafting element thats not likely. Other ideas have also come and gone: recent experiments by Thomas and colleagues (2017) suggest that the thinned base might have been a shock absorber, absorbing physical stress and preventing catastrophic failures while being used. Exotic Materials Clovis points are also typically made from high-quality materials, specifically highly siliceous crypto-crystalline cherts, obsidians, and chalcedonies or quartzes and quartzites. The distance from where they have been found discarded to where the raw material for the points came is sometimes hundreds of kilometers away. There are other stone tools on Clovis sites but they are less likely to have been made of the exotic material. Having been carried or traded across such long distances and being a part of a costly manufacturing process leads scholars to believe that there was almost certainly some symbolic meaning to the use of such these points. Whether it was a social, political or religious meaning, some sort of hunting magic, we will never know. What Were They Used For? What modern archaeologists can do is look for indications of how such points were used. There is no doubt that some of these points were for hunting: the point tips often exhibit impact scars, which likely resulted from thrusting or throwing against a hard surface (animal bone). But, microwear analysis has also shown that some were used multifunctionally, as butchery knives. Archaeologist W. Carl Hutchings (2015) conducted experiments and compared impact fractures to those found in the archaeological record. He noted that at least some of the fluted points have fractures that had to have been made by high-velocity actions: that is, they were likely fired using spear throwers (atlatls). Big Game Hunters? Since the first unequivocal discovery of Clovis points in direct association with an extinct elephant, scholars have assumed that Clovis people were big game hunters, and the earliest (and likely last) people in the Americas to rely on megafauna (large bodied mammals) as prey. Clovis culture was, for awhile, blamed for the late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions, an accusation that no longer can be leveled. Although there is evidence in the form of single and multiple kill sites where Clovis hunters killed and butchered large-bodied animals such as mammoth and mastodon, horse, camelops, and gomphothere, there is growing evidence that although Clovis were primarily hunters, they didnt rely solely on or even largely on megafauna. Single-event kills simply dont reflect the diversity of foods that would have been used. Using rigorous analytical techniques, Grayson and Meltzer could only find 15 Clovis sites in North America with irrefutable evidence for human predation on megafauna. A blood residue study on the Mehaffy Clovis cache (Colorado) found evidence for predation on extinct horse, bison, and elephant, but also birds, deer and reindeer, bears, coyote, beaver, rabbit, bighorn sheep and pigs (javelina). Scholars today suggest that like other hunters, although larger prey might have been preferred because of greater food return rates  when the large prey wasnt available they relied on a much broader diversity of resources with an occasional big kill. Clovis Life Styles Five types of Clovis sites have been found: camp sites; single event kill sites; multiple-event kill sites; cache sites; and isolated finds. There are only a few campsites, where Clovis points are found in association with hearths: those include Gault in Texas and Anzick in Montana. Single event kill sites (Clovis points in association with a single large-bodied animal) include Dent in Colorado, Duewall-Newberry in Texas, and Murray Springs in Arizona.Multiple kill sites (more than one animal killed at the same location) include Wallys Beach in Alberta, Coats-Hines in Tennessee and El Fin del Mundo in Sonora.Cache sites (where collections of Clovis-period stone tools were found together in a single pit, lacking other residential or hunting evidence), include the Mehaffy site, the Beach site in North Dakota, the Hogeye site in Texas, and the East Wenatchee site in Washington.Isolated finds (a single Clovis point found in a farm field) are too numerous to recount. The only known Clovis burial found to date is at Anzick, where an infant skeleton covered in red ochre was found in association with 100 stone tools and 15 bone tool fragments, and radiocarbon dated between 12,707-12,556 cal BP. Clovis and Art There is some evidence for ritual behavior beyond that involved with making Clovis points. Incised stones have been found at Gault and other Clovis sites; pendants and beads of shell, bone, stone, hematite and calcium carbonate have been recovered at Blackwater Draw, Lindenmeier, Mockingbird Gap, and Wilson-Leonard sites. Engraved bone and ivory, including beveled ivory rods; and the use of red ochre found at the Anzick burials as well as placed on animal bone are also suggestive of ceremonialism. There are also some currently undated rock art sites at Upper Sand Island in Utah which depict extinct fauna including mammoth and bison and may be associated with Clovis; and there are others as well: geometric designs in Winnemucca basin in Nevada and carved abstractions. The End of Clovis The end of the big game hunting strategy used by Clovis appears to have occurred very abruptly, connected with the climate changes associated with the onset of the Younger Dryas. The reasons for the end of big game hunting is, of course, the end of big game: most of the megafauna disappeared about the same time. Scholars are divided about why the big fauna disappeared, although currently, they are leaning towards a natural disaster combined with climate change that killed off all the large animals. One recent discussion of the natural disaster theory concerns the identification of a black mat marking the end of Clovis sites. This theory hypothesizes that an asteroid landed on the glacier that was covering Canada at the time and exploded causing fires to erupt all over the dry North American continent. An organic black mat is in evidence at many Clovis sites, which is interpreted by some scholars as ominous evidence of the disaster. Stratigraphically, there are no Clovis sites above the black mat. 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